失眠是指無法入睡或無法保持睡眠狀態，導致睡眠不足。又稱入睡和維持睡眠障礙，為各種原因引起入睡困難、睡眠深度或頻度過短、早醒及睡眠時間不足或質量差等，是一種常見病。

　　病因：壓力過大、某些藥物所致、焦慮或抑鬱。濫用藥物或酒精。

　　症狀：入睡及保持睡眠困難。每個人都經曆過睡眠不佳的糟糕夜晚，失眠是一種慢性問題，而不是急性問題。美國約翰·霍普金斯大學醫學院精神病學副教授DavidNeubauer博士表示，.睡眠困難持續至少3個月可診斷為失眠症。如果3個星期睡眠不足會感覺像生活在地獄，而3個月睡眠不足一定會覺得像被困在地獄的交通高峰期。

　　治療：往往采用認知行為療法和/或藥物。

　　發生率：大約三分之一的美國人存在失眠現象。

1.INSOMNIA

　　Causes:Highlevelsofstress;certainmedications;anxietyordepression.Drugsoralcoholabuse.

　　Symptoms:Difficultyfallingasleepandthenmaintainingthatsleep.Whileeveryonehasabadnightofsleepeverysooften,insomniaisachronicissue,notacute.AccordingtoDr.DavidNeubauer,anassociateprofessorinthedepartmentofpsychiatryatJohnsHopkinsMedicalCenter,apersonneedstosufferfrominsomniasymptomsforatleastthreemonthsstraighttobediagnosedwiththedisorder.Ifthreeweeksoflittlerestfeelslikehell,threemonthsmustfeellikebeingstuckinhell’srush-hourtraffic.

　　Treatment:Cognitivebehavioraltherapyand/ormedicationareoftenprescribed.

　　Occurrence:Aboutone-thirdofallAmericanssufferfrominsomnia."IfyoumadealistofthemostcommonsleepdisordersinAmerica,itwouldgosomethinglikeinsomnia,insomnia,insomnia,sleepapnea,insomnia,andthenalltherest,"explainsNeubauer.

　　睡眠呼吸暫停症是指在連續7h睡眠中發生30次以上的呼吸暫停，每次氣流中止10s以上(含10s)，或平均每小時低通氣次數(呼吸紊亂指數)超過5次，而引起慢性低氧血症及高碳酸血症的臨床綜合征.可分為中樞型、阻塞型及混合型。

　　睡眠-呼吸暫停綜合征的高危險群，包括肥胖、呼吸道結構狹窄、年紀大肌肉鬆弛、扁桃腺增生、下顎短小，或長期抽煙導致呼吸道水腫的人，此類病患睡覺時會喉嚨阻塞以致吸不到空氣。

　　病因：呼吸道全部或部分堵塞。

　　症狀：白天嗜睡，晨起頭痛，以及記憶力、注意力、判斷力和警覺力下降。如果睡在這類人群旁邊可以體會到其響亮鼾聲、。睡眠呼吸暫停症可能會導致你每晚停止呼吸多次。奇怪的是，大多數存在呼吸暫停症的人直到被告之、才意識這個問題。

　　治療方法：治療睡眠呼吸暫停症最常用的是CPAP呼吸機(持續氣道正壓通氣)，該設備可將空氣源源不斷送入呼吸道。

　　發生率：大約1/5的成年人患有至少輕度的睡眠呼吸暫停症。

SLEEPAPNEA

　　Causes:Acompleteorpartialblockageofthethroat.

　　Symptoms:Daytimesleepiness,morningheadaches,and—asanypersonwhohasattemptedtosleepbesidesomeonewithapneacanattest—excessivelyloudsnoring.Apneamaycauseyoutostopbreathingmultipletimespernight.Oddlyenough,mostpeoplewhohaveapneadon’trealizethere’saproblemuntilsomeonetellsthem.BobRusso,anITsoftwareprojectmanager,wasdiagnosedwithapnea10yearsago.Heonlywenttoaspecialistafterhishusbandnot-so-subtlyinformedRussothathewasn’tgettingsleepbecauseofthesnoring."Whenyoulivewithsomethingforsolong,it'sjustnormalwhenyouwakeupwithaheadache,oryoufallasleepinamovie.Butthosearesigns.SowhenIreadthelistIsaid‘IguessIdohavethis.’IthoughtIwasrestingandfeelingwell,"saidRusso.

　　Treatment:ThemostcommontreatmentforapneaisaCPAP(continuouspositiveairwaypressure)machine,whichkeepsaperson’sthroatopenviaasteadystreamofair.

　　Occurrence:Aboutoneinfiveadultssufferfromatleastamildformofapnea.

　　不安腿綜合征(RLS)係指小腿深部於休息時出現難以忍受的不適，運動、按摩可暫時緩解的一種綜合征，又稱“不安肢綜合征”，早在1672年，英國醫生ThomasWillis首次描述了不安腿綜合征，該病又稱為Ekbom綜合征，其臨床表現通常為夜間睡眠時，雙下肢出現極度的不適感，迫使患者不停地移動下肢或下地行走，導致患者嚴重的睡眠障礙。該病雖然對生命沒有危害，但卻嚴重影響患者的生活質量。國外的流行病學資料表明其患病率為總人口的1%～10%，我國的患病率估計在1.2%～5%，中老年常見。

　　病因：專家們目前不知道是什麼原因導致RLS，但理論認為它是遺傳性的。同時藥物也會導致RLS。孕婦有時也會受到RLS影響。

　　症狀：靜息狀態下出現難以名狀的肢體不適感，而迫使肢體(不隻是腿部)發生不自主運動。常發生在傍晚或休息時間。有關專家稱，患有RLS的患者每個夜晚可以踢動或移動數百次。

　　治療：經常鍛煉，減少咖啡因和酒精的攝入。在嚴重情況下，可遵醫囑進行藥物治療。

　　發生率：約10%的人群中受到RLS的影響。多見於女性。

RESTLESSLEGSYNDROME

　　Causes:Expertsaren’tsurewhatcausesRLS,buttheorizethatit’shereditary.MedicationshavealsobeenknowntocauseRLS.PregnantwomensometimessufferfromRLS.

　　Symptoms:Anirresistibleurgetomovethelimbs,notjustlegs.Oftenoccursintheeveningorduringperiodsofrest.NeubauersaysthatthosewhohaveRLScankickormovehundredsoftimesanight,everysinglenight.

　　Treatment:Regularexercise;reductionincaffeineandalcohol.Forseverecases,medicationcanbeprescribed.

　　Occurrence:About10%ofthepopulationsuffersfromRLS.It’smorecommoninwomen.

　　REM睡眠行為障礙是一種發生在REM睡眠中的睡眠行為異常，是一種最常見的睡眠行為障礙。常伴有精神壓抑、過度飲酒、腦血管疾病和變性性神經係統疾病等。

　　病因：喪失正常REM睡眠時伴有的肌張力抑製。

　　症狀：在睡眠中突然激烈地運動。如在床上翻來覆去，從床上跳下來。

　　治療：通常建議藥物治療。

　　發生率：極為罕見的，發生率低於1%。

REM SLEEP BEHAVIOR DISORDER

　　Causes: The mechanism in the brain that prevents motor movement while sleeping doesn’t function properly.

　　Symptoms: Sudden and intense movement during sleep. People with REM sleep behavior disorder have been known to thrash in bed, jump out of bed, and even tackle furniture that may or may not deserve it.

　　Treatment: Medication is often advised.

　　Occurrence: Extremely rare; less than one percent of the population.

　　嗜眠症是一種神經性疾病，它能引起不可抑製性睡眠發生。

　　病因：大腦中控製REM睡眠部位產生異常。

　　症狀：這些睡眠階段會經常發生，且發生的時間多不合適宜，例如當說話，吃飯或駕車時。盡管睡眠可以發生在任何時間，但最常發生的是在不活動或單調，重複性活動階段，當發生在從事活動的時間段，就會有發生危險的可能性。

　　治療：常建議藥物治療。

　　發生率：每年不到20萬成年人被診斷罹患此症。

NARCOLEPSY

　　Causes: Abnormalities in the parts of the brain that control REM sleep.

　　Symptoms: While people with narcolepsy can suddenly fall asleep at the most inopportune moments, most spend their days in a weird middle ground of sleep. "They don’t have a differentiation between wide awake and sleeping," says Neubauer. Jenn Coleman, an administrative assistant in DC with narcolepsy, laments that she is unable to stay awake during even the most stimulating environments, like Vegas trips and concerts. Those with narcolepsy can also suffer from cataplexy, a condition that leads to fainting-like episodes brought on by emotional reactions to anything from a song to a joke.

　　Treatment: Medication is often advised.

　　Occurrence: Less than 200,000 adults are diagnosed per year.

　　夢遊症是睡眠中自行下床行動，而後再回床繼續睡眠的怪異現象。在神經學上是一種睡眠障礙，症狀一般為在半醒狀態下在居所內走動，但有些患者會離開居所或作出一些危險的舉動。

　　病因：睡眠不足或睡眠質量低，一些藥物，疾病或發熱引發。

　　症狀：睡眠中自行下床行動，而後再回床繼續睡眠的怪異現象。

　　治療：減少睡覺環境附近的液體，保持安靜的睡眠環境，保持有規律的睡眠時間表。

　　發生率：有趣的是，夢遊症最常見於兒童，具體原因未知。專家認為，夢遊症跟大腦的發育有關。似乎深度睡眠與淺度睡眠轉換之間出現了問題。

SLEEPWALKING

　　Causes: Lack of sleep or inefficient sleep. Some medications. Illness or fever.

　　Symptoms: Walking while sleeping. Other signs are difficulty waking and abusing Danishes in the middle of the night. "One night I woke up standing in the kitchen over a mangled box of apple Danish," explains Todd Schultz, a 34-year-old nurse and frequent sleepwalker. "Apparently I got out of bed, walked to the bathroom and grabbed my toothbrush, and then brought it to the kitchen and used it as a fork to eat the Danish."

　　Treatment: Reducing liquids near bedtime. A quiet sleep environment and maintaining a regular sleep schedule.

　　Occurrences: Other than tales of assaulting baked goods, an interesting aspect of sleepwalking is that it’s most common in children, and no one is quite sure why. Neubauer’s theory is that it has something to do with brain development. "There seems to be vulnerability when switching gears between deeper sleep and lighter levels of sleep," he explains. "Almost like they slip gears and fall into sleep limbo."

　　夜驚的典型表現歸納起來有：睡眠中突然尖叫、啼哭，時哭時止，或定時啼哭，甚則通宵達旦，神情極度恐懼，汗出，呼吸急促，心率加快，一般在醒時對夜驚發作一事通常表現為沒有記憶。白天安靜，多無發熱、嘔吐、泄瀉、口瘡、癤腫、外傷等表現。發作次數不定，一般連續發作數日或數十日，或隔數日發作1次。

　　夜驚的典型表現歸納起來有：睡眠中突然尖叫、啼哭，時哭時止，或定時啼哭，甚則通宵達旦，神情極度恐懼，汗出，呼吸急促，心率加快，一般在醒時對夜驚發作一事通常表現為沒有記憶。白天安靜，多無發熱、嘔吐、泄瀉、口瘡、癤腫、外傷等表現。發作次數不定，一般連續發作數日或數十日，或隔數日發作1次。

　　病因：睡眠不足，疾病和/或一些藥物的影響。

　　症狀：睡眠中突然猛烈醒來並尖叫。在出現夜驚時人們往往沒有完全清醒，因此一旦他們醒來使之平靜下來非常困難。此外，夜驚和夢魘不同， 專家稱夢魘與情感有關係，而夜驚往往隻是恐懼和危險的具體概念。

　　治療：改善睡眠環境，如果夜驚症狀非常嚴重給予藥物治療。

　　發生率：最常見於兒童，成年人很少患有這種疾病。創傷後應激障礙人群更容易發生夜驚。

SLEEP TERRORS

　　Causes: Sleep deprivation, illness and/or, some medications.

　　Symptoms: Screaming and violent, short bursts of movement during sleep. When a person has a sleep terror episode they aren't fully awake, therefore it can be extremely difficult to calm them down once they do wake up. Also, despite the name, sleep terrors and nightmares aren't that similar. "Nightmares have an emotional narrative; sleep terrors are often simply a very crystallized notion of fear and danger," explains Neubauer.

　　Treatment: Improve sleep environment, medication is given if the terrors are extreme.

　　Occurrences: Most commonly impacts children; few adults suffer from this disorder. Those with PTSD are more likely to suffer from sleep terrors.

　　磨牙症是指睡眠時有習慣性磨牙或白晝也有無意識磨牙習慣者，隨時間一點一點加重，是一種長期的惡性循環疾病。夜磨牙是中樞神經係統大腦皮質頜骨運行區的部分腦細胞不正常興奮導致三叉神經功能紊亂，三叉神經支配咀嚼肌發生強烈持續性非功能性收縮，使牙齒發生嘎嘎響聲的咀嚼運動。一般分為3型：磨牙型、緊咬型和混合型。人在6歲～13歲都處於換牙期，為適應上下牙齒磨合都會有磨牙現象。但是，過了換牙期的青少年和成人若常有磨牙的現象發生那就是一種病態。

　　病因：大多數專家認為由過度緊張和焦慮引發磨牙症狀。

　　症狀：在早晨醒來時頭痛和/或巴疼痛。

　　治療方法：避免嚼不屬於食物的任何物品，因為它可使下巴握緊。大多數人以磨牙症最終采用了由牙醫提供的防護牙托。

BRUXISM (TEETH GRINDING)

　　Causes: Most experts blame excessive stress and anxiety.

　　Symptoms: Headaches and/or a sore jaw when waking in the morning. Complaints from annoyed bedmates.

　　Treatment: Avoiding chewing any items that aren’t food, as it trains the jaw to clench. Most people with bruxism end up getting fitted with a mouth guard that can be provided by a dentist.