近日,來自美國西南醫學中心的研究人員發現降低糖尿病病人和非酒精性脂肪肝病肝髒內一種高濃度的脂質分子可以快速改善胰島素敏感性。相關研究結果發表在國際學術期刊Cellmetabolism上。
胰島素是一種重要的激素,能夠幫助機體將糖轉化為能量,吸收營養同時將多餘的糖轉化為脂肪。胰島素敏感性降低會造成這些生理過程的效率下降,導致糖尿病和脂肪肝的發生。
西南醫學中心的研究人員發現在高脂飲食小鼠模型中過表達酸性神經酰胺酶能夠使小鼠的胰島素敏感性恢複正常水平。當身體內脂肪酸過多而機體不能及時將其消耗,多餘的脂肪酸會轉變為神經酰胺,而過多的神經酰胺會影響胰島素信號,導致胰島素抵抗,進而發生糖尿病和非酒精性脂肪肝。
在高脂飲食小鼠模型的肝髒中過表達酸性神經酰胺酶能夠防止脂肪肝的發生,同時促進胰島素在肝髒和脂肪組織內發揮的作用。在脂肪組織內過表達酸性神經酰胺酶也能夠防止脂肪肝的發生,並改善係統性胰島素敏感性。無論是在肝髒還是在脂肪組織內誘導表達酸性神經酰胺酶都會降低肝髒神經酰胺的濃度,這一過程的發生可以使胰島素敏感性正常化。
研究人員還發現多餘的神經酰胺會被轉化為鞘氨醇,而這兩種脂類物質對代謝信號途徑具有不同的影響。太多的神經酰胺會導致胰島素抵抗和炎症的發生,而鞘氨醇則會導致相反的情況發生。
總的來說,這項研究發現肝髒和脂肪組織的鞘氨醇之間存在一種快速的交互作用,這對於調節葡萄糖代謝和肝髒對脂類物質的攝取具有重要影響。同時,這項研究還為糖尿病和脂肪肝的治療提供了重要線索。
doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.06.007
Targeted Induction of Ceramide Degradation Leads to Improved Systemic Metabolism and ReducedHepaticSteatosis
Jonathan Y. Xia1, 4, William L. Holland1, 4, Christine M. Kusminski1, Kai Sun1, Ankit X. Sharma1, Mackenzie J. Pearson1, Angelica J. Sifuentes1, Jeffrey G. McDonald2, Ruth Gordillo1, Philipp E. Scherer
Sphingolipids have garnered attention for their role in insulin resistance and lipotoxic cell death. We have developed transgenic mice inducibly expressing acid ceramidase that display a reduction in ceramides in adult mouse tissues. Hepatic overexpression of acid ceramidase prevents hepatic steatosis and prompts improvements in insulin action in liver and adipose tissue upon exposure to high-fat diet. Conversely, overexpression of acid ceramidase within adipose tissue also prevents hepatic steatosis and systemic insulin resistance. Induction of ceramidase activity in either tissue promotes a lowering of hepatic ceramides and reduced activation of the ceramide-activated protein kinase C isoform PKCζ, though the induction of ceramidase activity in the adipocyte prompts more rapid resolution of hepatic steatosis than overexpression of the enzyme directly in the liver. Collectively, our observations suggest the existence of a rapidly acting "cross-talk" between liver and adipose tissue sphingolipids, critically regulating glucose metabolism and hepatic lipid uptake.